Battery Management System (BMS): The Core Safety Barrier of the New Energy Era Published: April 15, 2025 The Importance of BMS In the revolution of electrification and energy storage, BMS serves as the digital bridge connecting chemical energy and power systems. It defines the safety foundation, lifespan, and intelligent operation of batteries, supporting the infrastructure of the new energy industry. Core Functions & Architecture 8 Key Functions: Voltage/temperature monitoring, SOC/SOH estimation, fault protection, balancing control, communication (CAN/Modbus compatible). 3-Tier Structure: BMU (Cell-level data collection) BMC (Module control) BCU (System-wide strategy execution) Energy Storage Systems: Distributed BMS enables large-scale management. Technology Trends AI Integration: Neural networks and Kalman filters improve SOC/SOH accuracy. Cloud Connectivity: CATL’s cloud BMS enables OTA updates and predictive diagnostics. Functional Safety: Complies with ISO 26262, redundant sensors/power supplies. Domestic Chips: Rising adoption of MCU/AFE chips from Huawei, Jiefa, and Navitas. EV vs. Energy Storage: Design Differences Objectives EV: Safety-first (millisecond response), automotive-grade standards (vibration/temperature resistance). Energy Storage: Cost optimization, grid compliance (IEC 61850). Communication EV: Low-latency CAN bus/UDS protocols. Energy Storage: Modbus/Ethernet for large-scale data exchange. Cell Management EV: Active balancing (e.g., leapfrog capacity method) for strict uniformity. Energy Storage: Fault-tolerant designs for mixed-cell compatibility. Maintenance EV: OBD diagnostics, reliant on 4S shops. Energy Storage: Remote OTA/cloud diagnostics for unmanned operation. Industry Trends Regulations: GB/T 36276-2023 (energy storage safety standards), automotive EMC requirements. Key Players: CATL/CALB (in-house BMS), Prond/Lixin (OEM), TI/ADI (chip suppliers). Conclusion BMS is the "central nervous system" of new energy systems. With advancements in AI and cloud technology, it drives a smarter, safer energy future. Contact Us:

"Comprehensive Overview of Energy Storage System Architecture" Release Date: March 21, 2025, 20:00   I. Overall Architecture of Energy Storage Systems Energy storage systems consist of four core units that collaboratively achieve energy storage, conversion, and management: 1. Energy Storage Unit ◦ Function: Stores and releases electrical energy. ◦ Key Storage Media: ■ Lithium-ion batteries ■ Lead-acid batteries ■ Pumped hydro storage ■ Compressed air energy storage ■ Flywheel energy storage 2. Energy Conversion Unit ◦ Core Device: Power Conversion System (PCS) ◦ Role: Bidirectional AC/DC conversion: ■ Charging: AC → DC (grid → storage) ■ Discharging: DC → AC (storage → grid/load) 3. Energy Management Unit ◦ Function: The "brain" of the system: ■ Real-time data collection (storage capacity, charge/discharge status, grid load) ■ Optimization scheduling strategies ■ Coordinated control of multiple energy systems 4. Monitoring and Protection Unit ◦ Safety Mechanisms: ■ Real-time monitoring of voltage, current, and temperature ■ Abnormal condition alerts (overheating, overcharge/over-discharge) ■ Automatic cooling activation or circuit interruption   II. Energy Storage System Architecture Types 1. Centralized Energy Storage System ◦ Features: Large-capacity battery bank + centralized PCS ◦ Advantages: Simple structure, easy control ◦ Challenges: ■ "Bucket effect" (performance limited by the weakest cell) ■ Inter-cell loop current risks ■ Wider failure impact range ◦ Applications: Grid-side storage, large-scale renewable energy plants 2. Distributed Energy Storage System ◦ Features: Decentralized deployment + flexible grid connections ◦ Advantages: Localized supply-demand balancing, enhanced renewable energy integration ◦ Challenges: Complex coordination, higher maintenance costs ◦ Applications: User-side systems, microgrids, distributed power sources 3. String-Type Energy Storage System ◦ Features: Modular design + independent PCS (one string per controller) ◦ Strengths: ■ High efficiency (eliminates string current in

New Trends in the 2025 Energy Storage Exhibition: Policy Shifts and Technological Breakthroughs I. Exhibition Overview: Record-Breaking Scale and Influence • Key Statistics: The 13th Energy Storage International Summit & Exhibition (ESIE2025) covered 160,000 square meters, attracting nearly 800 exhibitors, 4,000+ industry chain enterprises, and over 200,000 attendees. The event featured 50+ conferences and 100+ product launches. • Theme Focus: Centered on "Digital Intelligence Empowers Industry Transformation, Energy Storage Reshapes Energy Landscape," it highlighted China’s role in accelerating global energy transition through cutting-edge technologies. II. Policy Shift: From Mandatory Requirements to Market-Driven Mechanisms 1. Policy Updates ◦ Key Document: The NDRC and National Energy Administration issued the Notice on Deepening Market-Oriented Reform of New Energy Feed-in Tariffs to Promote High-Quality Development (No. 136 [2025]), removing energy storage as a mandatory precondition for new energy project approvals. ◦ Core Change: Energy storage deployment transitions from administrative mandates to market-driven decisions, allowing flexibility based on economic viability. 2. Marketization Initiatives ◦ Provincial Pilots: Guangdong and Shandong provinces enabled energy storage participation in electricity spot and ancillary service markets, boosting daily revenue for independent storage stations by 30%. ◦ Regulatory Support: The National Energy Agency emphasized advancing electricity spot markets and refining pricing mechanisms, while MIIT pledged to guide battery technology upgrades and promote integrated "renewables + storage" models. 3. Industry Impact ◦ Revenue streams expanded to include peak-valley arbitrage, ancillary services, and black-start capabilities, shifting focus from hardware costs to comprehensive value creation. III. Technological Innovations: Intelligence and Large Capacity Redefine Value 1. AI-Powered Energy Storage Systems ◦ Envision Energy’s EN 8 Pro: The world’s first AI-enabled 

SEAFOREST｜Energy Storage Solutions for Global Markets Performance Highlights ▲ 200kWh Commercial ESS Exported to Osaka ▲ 500kW PCS + 998kWh Lithium Battery (Industrial) ▲ Gunma Residential Case:  10×520W Sea Forest Flexible Solar Panels + 5kW Off-grid SunForest  Inverter + Sunforest 20kWh Lithium ESS Complimentary Services ▲ Design & Installation: Layout planning for components, mounting structures, inverters, and batteries ▲ Consultation Support: On-site surveys, installation guidance, and maintenance advisory 15+ Years in Japan & Europe/US Markets ▲ Core Values: Integrity, Altruism, Innovation, Progress ▲ Commitment: Premium Quality, Fast Delivery, Professional Service Contact Us Xiamen Seashine Forest Industrial & Trad Co., Ltd. Contact: Guo Xiaozhou Add: Room 2206, No.6 Hubin East Road, Xiamen, China (ZIP:361010) TEL:0086-592-5657925  FAX:0086-592-5628163 Mobile:0086-1360-6089-112（WhatsApp Available） Facebook: Guo Xiaozhou  Skype:kakuguo9428 Website:www.seaforestpv.com シーフレスト（SEAFOREST）｜日本・欧米向け産業用・家庭用蓄電システム実績 実績紹介 ▼ 大阪向け200kWh産業用蓄電システム ▼ 500kW PCS＋998kWhリチウム蓄電池（産業用） ▼ 群馬県向け家庭用蓄電システム：  520Wシーフォレスト柔軟太陽光パネル10枚＋5kWサンフォレストオフグリッドパワコン＋20kWhサンフォレストリチウム蓄電池 無料サービス ▼ 設計・設置サポート：モジュール・架台／インバーター／蓄電池のレイアウト設計 ▼ 設置・保守コンサル：現地調査・工事計画・メンテナンス指導まで完全対応 日本と欧米への15年輸出実績 ▼ 経営理念：誠実・利他・革新・進取 ▼ 強み：高品質・短納期・専門サポート お問い合わせ 厦門海森工貿有限公司（ブランド：シーフォレスト） 担当：郭小周 住所：中国福建省厦門市湖浜東路6号2206室（ZIP:361010） TEL:0086-592-5657925  FAX:0086-592-5628163 携帯:0086-1360-6089-112（WhatsApp対応） Facebook:郭小周 Skype:kakuguo9428 HP:www.seaforestpv.com

Introducing SEAFOREST TOPCON 555W Flexible Solar Panels - Now in Mass Production! Lightweight Design, Superior Efficiency - TUV Certified Model Key Features 1 Certified Model: SF-555M-FL 2 Compact Dimensions: 2240×1190×1.8mm 3 Ultra-Lightweight: Only 7.7kg 4 Industry-Leading Efficiency: 20.82% Conversion Rate 5 Bulk Shipping: 70pcs/pallet｜18 pallets/40HQ container 6. Warranty • 12-Year Material & Workmanship • 25-Year 89.4% Power Output Guarantee 7 Ideal Applications Commercial & Industrial Roofs｜Ground Plants with Lower Load Requirements 8. Contact Us Xiamen Sea Forest Industrial & Trading Co., Ltd Contact: Mr. Guo Xiaozhou Add: Room 2206, No.6 Hubin East Road, Xiamen, China 361010 Tel: +86-592-5657925  Mobile=whatapp=wechat: +86-1360-6089-112 Fax: +86-592-5628163  Skype: kakuguo9428 Official Website: www.seaforestpv.com Proven Expertise 15+ Years in Solar Trade with Japan and Eu.｜ Core Values: Integrity, Altruism, Innovation, Progress Ready to Go Solar? Connect via WhatsApp/Facebook for Instant Support 新発売｜SEAFOREST TOPCON 555W フレキシブル太陽電池パネル 量産開始: 軽量・高効率で設置が簡単｜JPEA認証済みモデル 製品ハイライト: 1 JPEA認証モデル：SF-555M-FL 2 コンパクトサイズ：2240×1190×1.8mm 3 超軽量設計：7.7kgのみ 4 業界トップ効率：20.82%変換効率 5 大容量納品： 1パレット70枚 40HQコンテナ18パレット 6 保証内容 • 12年間材料・製造保証 • 25年間89.4%出力保証 7設置推奨環境 工場・商業施設屋根｜耐荷重が軽い構造の太陽光発電所 8ご相談窓口 厦門海森工貿有限公司（ブランド：シーフォレスト） 担当：郭 小周（グオ・シャオジョウ） 所在地：中国福建省厦門市湖浜東路6号2206室（〒361010） 電話：0086-592-5657925  携帯=ウェチャット＝atapp：0086-1360-6089-112 FAX：0086-592-5628163  Skype：kakuguo9428 公式HP：www.seaforestpv.com 信頼の実績 日本向け太陽光製品取引15年以上｜経営理念「誠実・利他・革新・進取」を堅持 ご相談・お見積りはお気軽に！ WhatsApp・Facebookでも対応可能です.

Trends in the development of solar power generation over the next 10 years ### 1. Technological innovation: Parallel progress in efficiency improvement and cost reduction 1. **Emergence of heterojunction (HJT) technology** - Conversion efficiency exceeds 27%, cost reduction of more than 40% - Low temperature coefficient and high weak light response become mainstream technology 2. **Breakthrough in commercialization of perovskite solar cells** - Laboratory efficiency exceeds 26%, mass production target is 25% - Efficiency improvement by tandem with crystalline silicon 3. **Accelerating spread of N-type batteries such as TOPCon and IBC** - High efficiency and low degradation replace PERC ### 2. Market structure: Distributed and energy storage are driving growth 1. **Rapid growth of distributed solar power** - Annual growth rate of residential solar power exceeds 30% - "County-level promotion" policy promotes market expansion 2. **Standardization of solar power + energy storage** - Market size to reach 500 billion yuan in 2030 - Demand for industrial and household energy storage surges 3. **Continuous expansion of overseas markets** - Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia are key regions ### 3. Policy-driven: Acceleration through carbon neutral targets 1. **China's 14th Five-Year Plan target** - 12 billion kW cumulative solar power installation capacity by 2025 - Development model of "distributed main body, centralized subsidy" 2. **Strengthening global decarbonization policies** - EU, US, etc. expand subsidies and tax incentives 3. **Promotion of green power trading and carbon market** - Improved profits through solar green certificates and carbon trading ### 4. Progress in smartification: deepening digital and AI 1. **Rise of virtual power plant (VPP) model** - Optimal control of distributed solar power using AI 2. **Application of digital twin technology** - Optimization of power plant life cycle management 3. **Smart O&M and drone inspection** - Big data + AI for failure prediction and maintenance cost reduction ### 5. Future challenges and opportunities 1. **Challenges** - Impact of fluctuations in silicon raw material prices - Need to improve the power grid's capacity 2. **Opportunities** - New models such as solar + hydrogen and BIPV - Global energy transition drives demand ### Conclusion: Outlook for the solar industry over the next 10 years - **Technology**: HJT and perovskite lead the efficiency revolution - **Market**: Distributed + storage are the core of growth - **Policy**: Driving force: Global decarbonization goals - **Smart**: Digital and AI transform the industry - **Summary**: The solar industry is entering its golden decade! ^_^

Original article | New energy power AC | April 1, 2025 16:37 ---------------------------------------------------- [Why is this combination essential?] ■ Resource aggregation: Efficient management of distributed energy ▼ Background and significance As the proportion of new energy in the power system exceeds 40%, real-time control of distributed resources (such as EVs and storage batteries) is essential to adjust the unstable output of solar and wind power generation. However, traditional centralized management methods cannot integrate resources with different owners and technical specifications. ▼ Case study: Ningde era "Energy Cloud" ・Implementation details: Connecting 1.2 million EVs (total capacity 6GWh) to the power grid ・Technology innovation: Charge and discharge control using V2G3.0 protocol (designed to reduce battery burden) ・Results report: Achieved instantaneous power adjustment of 500MW in Zhejiang Province, generating annual revenue of 2,300 RMB for users ■ Spatio-temporal optimization: Resolving supply and demand mismatches ▼ Specific issues Inconsistencies between regions and time periods are becoming more serious, such as the overlap between the peak solar power generation period in the northwest and the valley of power demand in the eastern industrial area. ▼ Successful model: Tesla South Australia VPP ・Expansion scale: Building a home battery network for 12,000 households ・AI utilization: Weather forecast-linked Autobidder automatically adjusts supply and demand ・Economic effect: 40% reduction in household electricity costs, 4.8 years shorter payback period for equipment investment 【Points of evolution in 2025】 ◎ At the forefront of technological innovation 1. Ultra-high speed control: command transmission in less than 50 milliseconds (Huawei HarmonyOS adopted) 2. Precision prediction: 99.3% accuracy achieved with 3D digital twin (Ali Cloud performance) ◎ New revenue model | Revenue type | Specific examples | Performance values | |--------------------|--------------------------|---------------------| | Peak adjustment | Ningde Times Zhejiang Province project | 0.8 RMB/kWh | | International electricity arbitrage | EU cross-border trading | 0.18-0.25 EUR/kWh | | Environmental value sales | Tesla South Australia | +0.05 AUD/kWh | 【Challenges for the Future】 ① Data governance Referring to the EU's "Guidelines for Energy Information Protection," clarify the rights of user data ② Unification of technical standards Establish interconnection standards for charging equipment and storage batteries (based on China Electricity Federation 5 standards) ③ Strengthening risk management Develop financial derivatives to respond to fluctuations in electricity prices (referring to the Guangdong pilot case) ---------------------------------------------------- In conclusion: The collaboration between electricity retailers and virtual power plants is a "redesign of the energy ecosystem" that goes beyond mere technological integration. From home storage...

SEAFOREST FLEXIBLE SOLAR PANELS Revolutionary Solar Technology – Lightweight, Durable, Efficient. Next-Gen Solar Solutions Powered by Cutting-Edge Technology 1. Ultra-Lightweight & Flexible • Bendable design for versatile installation • Advanced composite materials – under 3kg/m² 2. Sleek Design & Easy Installation • Minimalist, aesthetic appearance • No glare effect – lower transport & installation costs 3. Fully Customizable • Tailor-made solutions for higher added value 4. Superior Low-Light Performance • Enhanced efficiency in dawn, dusk, and cloudy conditions 【Core Technological Advantages】 5. High-Strength Composite & Polymer Modification Tech • ≥91% light transmittance (outperforms competitors) • Waterproof & UV-resistant • 25-year power output guarantee ※Backed by 20 years of field data & 20,000 hrs accelerated aging tests (Yellowing Δ≤3) 6. Reinforced Resin-Fiber Interface Tech • 1300MPa modulus (100% stronger than standard panels) • Eliminates micro-cracks in solar cells 7. Nano-Hybrid Flame Retardant Tech • UL94-V0 & Class B1 fire rating (Complies with EU EN45545 & China TB/T3237 standards) 8. Salt Mist Corrosion Resistance • Polymer materials withstand coastal & harsh environments 9. Certified for Extreme Conditions • IEC61215: Humidity, hail (25mm @ 23m/s), hotspot endurance • IEC62716: Ammonia corrosion resistance • IEC60068: Dust/sand resistance (minimal power degradation) • IEC61730: Flame resistance & extreme cold tolerance 【Product Lineup】 Model, Max Power, Dimensions, Weight, Efficiency SF-520M-FL、520Ｗ、2246×1185×2.5ＭＭ、7.5KG、19.5％ SF-400M-FL、400Ｗ、1883×1092×2.5ＭＭ、6.0KG、19.5％ SF-200M-FL、200Ｗ、918×1170×2.5ＭＭ、3.3KG、18.6％ Interested? Request a Quote or Sample Today! 【Contact Us】 Xiamen Seashine Forest Industry & Trade Co., Ltd (Brand: SEAFOREST) Attn: Xiaozhou Guo